2-4-Python虚拟环境-virtualenvwrapper|cbear小站

鉴于virtualenv不便于对虚拟环境集中管理 , 所以推荐直接使用virtualenvwrapper。 virtualenvwrapper提供了一系列命令使得和虚拟环境工作变得便利。它把你所有的虚拟环境都放在一个地方。

安装virtualenvwrapper(确保virtualenv已安装)
```
pip3 install virtualenv 
pip3 install virtualenvwrapper 
pip3 install virtualenvwrapper-win　　#Windows使用该命令
```
virtualenvwrapper默认将所有的虚拟环境放在~/.virtualenvs目录下管理 , 可以修改环境变量WORKON_HOME来指定虚拟环境的保存目录。

安装完成后 , 需要进行一些配置。在你的 shell 配置文件 ( 如 ~/.bashrc 或 ~/.zshrc或/etc/profile ) 中添加以下内容:

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3  # 根据实际情况修改 Python 解释器路径
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

保存配置文件后 , 执行以下命令使配置生效：

[root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# . /etc/profile
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/premkproject
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postmkproject
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/initialize
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/premkvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postmkvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/prermvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postrmvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/get_env_details

virtualenvwrapper使用

创建虚拟环境mkvirtualenv ,创建的同时 , 还默认激活了虚拟环境

[root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# mkvirtualenv projectenv7
created virtual environment CPython3.9.18.final.0-64 in 241ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/root/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==25.1.1, setuptools==80.9.0
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7/bin/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7/bin/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7/bin/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7/bin/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7/bin/get_env_details
(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]#

虚拟环境目录不会放到当前目录下了 , 它默认装在了/root/.virtualenvs , 所有的虚拟环境都会放到这个目录下

(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# ll /root/.virtualenvs/
total 48
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 135 Aug 10 22:34 get_env_details
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  96 Aug 10 22:34 initialize
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  73 Aug 10 22:34 postactivate
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  75 Aug 10 22:34 postdeactivate
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  66 Aug 10 22:34 postmkproject
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  73 Aug 10 22:34 postmkvirtualenv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 110 Aug 10 22:34 postrmvirtualenv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  99 Aug 10 22:34 preactivate
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  76 Aug 10 22:34 predeactivate
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  91 Aug 10 22:34 premkproject
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 130 Aug 10 22:34 premkvirtualenv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 111 Aug 10 22:34 prermvirtualenv
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root  97 Aug 10 22:37 projectenv7
(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# ll /root/.virtualenvs/projectenv7/
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 22:37 bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  194 Aug 10 22:37 CACHEDIR.TAG
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   23 Aug 10 22:37 lib
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   23 Aug 10 22:37 lib64
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  209 Aug 10 22:37 pyvenv.cfg
(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]#

如果想要指定python版本 , 可以使用--python命令

(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# mkvirtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3.12 projectenv8


# 有环境变量可以简化
(projectenv8) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# mkvirtualenv --python=python3.11 projectenv9

查看当前的虚拟环境目录

(projectenv9) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# workon 
projectenv7
projectenv8
projectenv9

切换虚拟环境

(projectenv9) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# workon projectenv7
(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# python -V
Python 3.9.18
(projectenv7) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# workon projectenv8
(projectenv8) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# python -V
Python 3.12.9
(projectenv8) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# workon projectenv9
(projectenv9) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# python -V
Python 3.11.11

退出虚拟环境

(projectenv9) [root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# deactivate 
[root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]#

删除虚拟环境

[root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# rmvirtualenv projectenv9
Removing projectenv9...
[root@host-192-168-71-25 ~]# ll .virtualenvs/
total 48
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 135 Aug 10 22:34 get_env_details
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  96 Aug 10 22:34 initialize
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  73 Aug 10 22:34 postactivate
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  75 Aug 10 22:34 postdeactivate
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  66 Aug 10 22:34 postmkproject
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  73 Aug 10 22:34 postmkvirtualenv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 110 Aug 10 22:34 postrmvirtualenv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  99 Aug 10 22:34 preactivate
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  76 Aug 10 22:34 predeactivate
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  91 Aug 10 22:34 premkproject
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 130 Aug 10 22:34 premkvirtualenv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 111 Aug 10 22:34 prermvirtualenv
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root  97 Aug 10 22:37 projectenv7
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root  97 Aug 10 22:43 projectenv8

virtualenvwrapper 提供环境名字的tab补全功能。当您有很多环境 , 并且很难记住它们的名字时 , 这就显得很有用。

workon 也能停止您当前所在的环境 , 所以您可以在环境之间快速的切换。